Spelling of the Consonants
  In some Armenian words the voiced consonants µ, ¹, ·, ç, Ó, ¹ are pronounced like their voiceless variants
÷, Ã, ù, ã, ó, Ë. This often occurs after the sound ñ and Õ. The spelling of such words should be memorized.
   The following are some of these words:

Notice the pronunciation of the following words where two letters in writing are different from their pronunciation.

¹»ÕÓ           dekht's        peach
³ÕçÇÏ        akhchik        girl
»Õµ³Ûñ       yekhpayr     brothe

Drills. Read the following words, paying attention to their spelling.

   Ëݹñ»É, ß³µ³Ã, ¹»ÕÓ, Ù»ç, »ñµ, í»ñçÇÝ, Ù³ñ¹, µ³ñÓ, ѳÕûÉ, ϳñ³·, óñ·Ù³Ý»É, ßá·, ³é³çÇÝ,
»ñ·»É, ³ÕçÇÏ, »Õµ³Ûñ, µ³ñÓñ, ϳñ¹³É, Ï»Õïáï:

Reading

   Grammar Notes

   Adjectives and Adverbs(²Í³Ï³ÝÝ»ñ ¨ ٳϵ³ÛÝ»ñ)
   In Armenian the word ß³ï may be used with nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. So it is rendered
in English in different ways differently depending on the context:

   1. ß³ï ·ñù»ñ (many books), ß³ï ï»ïñ»ñ (many notebooks),
   2. ß³ï çáõñ (much water), ß³ï ³ß˳ï³Ýù (much work),
   3. ß³ï ³ß˳ï»É (to work much), ß³ï ϳñ¹³É (to read much),
   4. ß³ï ³ñ³· (very fast), ß³ï ¹³Ý¹³Õ (very slowly),
   5. ß³ï ¹Åí³ñ (very difficult), ß³ï ˻ɳóÇ (very clever).

    A sentence like ²ÝÝ³Ý É³íÝ ¿: where the adjective ɳí is used with a definite article means Ann is good, i.e.
Ann is a nice person, while a sentence like ²ÝÝ³Ý É³í ¿ (ɳí without a definite article) means Ann is well, i.e.
Ann feels well. The meaning of the adjective í³ï changes in the same way with the addition of the definite article.


Exercise 1.  Replace the italicized words and phrases with those given below.
Model 1:
-¸áõ DZÝã »ë ³ÝáõÙ ÑÇÙ³:
-ÐÇÙ³ ϳñ¹áõÙ »Ù ¹³ëÁ:
Use: ѳñóÝ»É Å³ÙÁ, å³ï³ëË³Ý»É Ñ³ñó»ñÇÝ, ëáíáñ»É ¹³ëÁ, ·Çñù ϳñ¹³É, Éë»É ²ßáïÇÝ, »ñ·»É, Éë»É áõëáõóãÇÝ,
×³ß áõï»É:

Model 2:
-ƱÝã ¿ ³ÝáõÙ ²ñ³ÙÁ:
-²ñ³ÙÁ ÉëáõÙ ¿ áõëáõóãÇÝ:
Use: ѳñóÝ»É Å³ÙÁ, å³ï³ëË³Ý»É Ñ³ñó»ñÇÝ, ëáíáñ»É ¹³ëÁ, ·Çñù ϳñ¹³É, »ñ·»É, ×³ß áõï»É:

Model 3:
-ê³ ÑÇÝ ³Ùë³·Çñ ¿, ÇëÏ ¹³` Ýáñ:
Use: Ù»Í-÷áùñ ë»ÝÛ³Ï, ë¨-ϳñÙÇñ Ù³ïÇï, ¹Åí³ñ-Ñ»ßï ѳñó, »ñϳñ-ϳñ× Ý³Ù³Ï:


Exercise 2. Ask and answer questions according to the model. Use the phrases given below.
Model 1:
- ê³ Ýá±ñ ·Çñù ¿:
-²Ûá, ³Ûë ·ÇñùÁ Ýáñ ¿:
Use: ¹Åí³ñ µ³é, ÑÇÝ Ã»ñÃ, ¹Åí³ñ í³ñÅáõÃÛáõÝ, Ñ»ßï ¹³ë, ϳñ× Ù³ïÇïÝ»ñ, ¹Åí³ñ ï»ùëï»ñ, Ù»Í
ë»ÝÛ³Ï, Ýáñ ¹åñáó:

Model 2:
-²é³çÇÝ ¹³ëÁ ¹Åí³±ñ ¿:
-àã, ³Û¹ ¹³ëÁ Ñ»ßï ¿:
Use: »ñÏñáñ¹ ï»ùëïÁ, ³Ûë í³ñÅáõÃÛáõÝÁ, í»ñçÇÝ Ý³Ë³¹³ëáõÃÛáõÝÁ, Ýáñ ·ÇñùÁ, ÇÙ å³ï³ë˳ÝÁ:
     ¹Åí³ñ-Ñ»ßï, »ñϳñ-ϳñ×, ÷áùñ-Ù»Í, ×Çßï-ë˳É:

Model 3:
-ÆÝãåÇëDZ ï»ùëï ¿:
-Üáñ ï»ùëï ¿:
Use: áõë³ÝáÕ-ɳí, ·Çñù-Ñ»ï³ùñùÇñ, ѳñó-¹Åí³ñ, Ù³ïÇï-ϳñÙÇñ, ß»Ýù-ÑÇÝ, ûñ-óáõñï, å³ï³ë˳Ý-×Çßï:


Exercise 3: Read the text and answer the questions below.
   ²é³çÇÝ áõë³ÝáÕÁ í³ï ¿ Ëáëáõ٠ѳۻñ»Ý: ܳ ¹³Ý¹³Õ ¿ ϳñ¹áõÙ áõ ·ñáõÙ: ܳ ³Ýáõß³¹Çñ ¿ ÉëáõÙ
¢ ëË³É ¿ å³ï³ë˳ÝáõÙ:
   ºñÏñáñ¹ áõë³ÝáÕÁ É³í ¿ Ëáëáõ٠ѳۻñ»Ý: ܳ ³ñ³· ¿ ϳñ¹áõÙ áõ ·ñáõÙ: ܳ áõß³¹Çñ ¿ ÉëáõÙ
¢ ×Çßï ¿ å³ï³ë˳ÝáõÙ:

1. ÆÝãå»±ë ¿ ѳۻñ»Ý ËáëáõÙ ³é³çÇÝ áõë³ÝáÕÁ: ÆëÏ »ñÏñáñ¹ áõë³Ýá±ÕÁ:
2. ÆÝãå»±ë »Ý Ýñ³Ýù ϳñ¹áõÙ áõ ·ñáõÙ:
3. ÆÝãå»±ë »Ý ÉëáõÙ:
4. ÆÝãå»±ë »Ý å³ï³ë˳ÝáõÙ:
5. à±ñ áõë³ÝáÕÝ ¿ ß³ï ³ß˳ïáõÙ` ³é³çÇÝ Ã»± »ñÏñáñ¹ áõë³ÝáÕÁ:


Exercise 4. Fill in the blanks with one of the following words: ɳí, í³ï, ¹³Ý¹³Õ, ³ñ³·, ×Çßï, ë˳É,
ß³ï, ùÇã. More than one variant may be possible.
   àõë³ÝáÕÁ ................. ¿ ϳñ¹áõÙ: ²ëåÇñ³ÝïÁ ................... ¿ ·ñáõÙ: ܳ .............. ¿ å³ïÙáõÙ:
   Üñ³Ýù ................... »Ý ³ß˳ïáõÙ: àõë³ÝáÕÝ»ñÁ ................... »Ý å³ï³ë˳ÝáõÙ:
   ¸³ë³ËáëÁ ................... ¿ ѳñóÝáõÙ: ²Ûë áõë³ÝáÕÁ ................. ¿ ѳëϳÝáõÙ:
   ܳ ................. ¿ óñ·Ù³ÝáõÙ:


Exercise 5. Translate

   1.Today we have a class of Armenian.
   2. Aram reads the lesson well. Then he answers the questions.
   3. I speak Armenian badly.
   4. The teacher asks and the students answer.
   5.The teacher slowly reads the new words and sentences, and the students repeat. Then the students write exercises.
   6. The first exercise is easy, and the second one is difficult.
   7. -What is the teacher doing? -The teacher is asking (a question).
   8. How (well) does the first student answer? - He answers well. He reads fast and translates correctly.
   9. How (well) does the second student answer? - He answers badly. He reads slowly and translates wrongly.
   10. The first student works much and the second student works little.


Exercise 6. Answer the questions.

   1.ƱÝã »ù ³Ýáõ٠ѳۻñ»ÝÇ ¹³ëÇ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï: 2. ÆÝãå»±ë »ë ¹áõ ϳñ¹áõÙ: 3. ÆÝãå»±ë ¿ ϳñ¹áõÙ ùá ÁÝÏ»ñÁ:
   4. à±í ¿ í³ï ϳñ¹áõÙ: 5. ÆÝãå»±ë »ë ËáëáõÙ: 6. à±í ¿ ß³ï ɳí ËáëáõÙ: 7. à±í ¿ ß³ï ѳñóÝáõÙ:
   8. ÆÝãå»±ë »ù å³ï³ë˳ÝáõÙ: 9. à±í ¿ ×Çßï å³ï³ë˳ÝáõÙ: 10. ÆÝãå»±ë »ù ·ñáõÙ: 11. à±í ¿ ¹³Ý¹³Õ ·ñáõÙ:
   12. à±ñ í³ñÅáõÃÛáõÝÝ ¿ ¹Åí³ñ: 13. à±ñ í³ñÅáõÃÛáõÝÝ ¿ Ñ»ßï: 14. à±í ¿ í³ï ϳñ¹áõÙ áõ óñ·Ù³ÝáõÙ:
   15. ¸áõ ß³±ï »ë ³ß˳ïáõÙ: 16. à±í ¿ ùÇã ³ß˳ïáõÙ: 17. ÐÇÙ³  DZÝã »ë ³ÝáõÙ: 18. ƱÝã ¿ ³ÝáõÙ áõëáõóÇãÁ:
   19. ƱÝã ¿ ³ÝáõÙ ùá ÁÝÏ»ñÁ:

Exercise 7. Fill in the blanks with the missing letters:

   ·, Ï Ã»± ù
»ñ—áõ (two), »ñ»-- (three), --³ÝÇ (how many), »ñ--³ñ (long), ÁÝ--»ñ (friend), Ù»-- (one), --³ñ¹³É (to read),
--³ñáõÝ (spring), ÑÇÝ—(five), ³ß³--»ñï (pupil), --ñ—Ý»É (to repeat), óñ—Ù³Ý»É (to translate),
³ñ³-- (fast), --Çã (little), --áõÛÝ (color):

  µ, å û±  ÷
--³Ûáõë³Ï (bag), --³Ñ³ñ³Ý (cupboard), --³Ýíáñ (worker), --³--ÇÏ (grandfather), --³ÝÇñ (cheese), --³é (word),
--³ï³ëË³Ý»É (to answer), »±ñ—(when), ¹--ñáó (school):

   ¹, ï û± Ã
í³-- (bad), áõ--»É (to eat), --³ñÇ (year), Ûá— (seven), áõ—(eight), --³ë (ten),   --³ù (warm), áñ--»Õ (where),
×Çß— (right), --Åí³ñ (hard), ѻߗ(easy),           --³Ý--³Õ (slowly), --åñáó (school), ݳ˳--³ëáõÃÛáõÝ (sentence),
Ñ»--á (then), ß³-- (much), »ñÏñáñ—(second):

   ç, ×, û± ã
·ñÇ—(pen), ÇÝ—(what), ÇÝ—å»ë (how), --áõñ (water), á—ÇÝ—(nothing), á—(no), ëáõñ—(coffee), --áñë (four),
ϳñ—(short), --Çßï (right), ùÇ—(little), ³é³--ÇÝ (first), ѳ--»ÉÇ (pleasant):

   Õ Ã»± Ë
--Ù»É (to drink), ³Ûëï»-- (here), ³ÛÝï»-- (there), ¹³ë³--áë (lecturer), áõë³ÝáÕ (student), --áë»É (to speak),
³ß--³ï»É (to work), ë--³É (mistake), ¹³Ý¹³-- (slowly), áñï»-- (where), »--³Ý³Ï (weather):

   Ó, Í Ã»± ó
--áõñï (cold), --»ñ»Ï (day time), --ÛáõÝ (snow), í»-- (six), ³Ý—ñ¨ (rain), áõëáõ—Çã (teacher), ѳñ—Ý»É (to ask):

   ñ û± é
³--»õ (sun), ÓÙ»-- (winter), ³Ù³-- (summer), ·Çß»-- (night), µ³-- (word):

   Šû± ß
--³Ù³Ý³Ï (time), ³--áõÝ (autumn), ·Ç--»ñ (night), í³ñ--áõÃÛáõÝ (exercise), ¹--í³ñ (hard), --á· (hot):

SPELLING OF VOWELS

Spelling of º and ¾
   º is pronounced [ye] (as in yet) at the beggining of words, e.g. »ñ»ë, »ñÏÇñ, »ë. The exceptions to this rule are
the present forms of the verb »Ù: »Ù, »ë, ¿, »Ýù, »ù, »Ý where » is pronounced [e] at the beggining of words.

   º is pronounced [e] (as in enter ) in the middle of words; e.g. ·ñ»É, ë»ñ, Ý»ñ»É. As a rule in the middle of words
appears the letter », which is pronounced [e].

   ¾ is written at the beginning of words, when  the sound [e] (as in enter) is heard: e.g. ¿ß, ¿ÉÇ, ¿³Ï³Ý, ¿Å³Ý.

   ¿ is used in the middle of words only in compound words the second component of which is a word beginning with ¿;
e.g. ³Ù»Ý³¿Å³Ý, ³Ù»Ý³¿³Ï³Ý.

Spelling of ú and à 
   The Armeninan letter á is pronounced [vo] as in vote at the beginning of words, e.g. áëÏÇ, áñ¹Ç, áñù³Ý.
   Note the following two exceptions, where the letter  á is pronounced as o in an initial position: á±í, á±íù»ñ.

   In the newest borrowings from foreign languages the initial sound [vo] is rendered into Armenian  by the combination
of letters íá; e.g. ìáÉ·³, ìáÉï»ñ, íáɻ۵áÉ, íáϳÉ.

   The letter o is used at the beginning of words when the sound [o] (as in oar) is heard, e.g.
ûñ, ûï³ñ, ûñÇݳÏ, ûñ³·Çñ, ûûõ³Ý.

   The letter  o is used in the middle of compound words when the second component is a word beginning with o; e.g.
³Ûëûñ, ï³ñûñÇݳÏ, ³Ýûûõ³Ý.



Spelling of  Á
   The sound Á, which is pronounced as [er] (as in letter ) is written in certain case only:
1.At the beginning and at the end of words: e.g. ÁÝÏáõÛ½, ÁÝÏ»ñ, ÁÝïÇñ, ·ÇñùÁ, ·ñÇãÁ, Ù³ñ¹Á.
2.In the middle of compound words the letter Á is written only when the second component is a word beginning with Á,
e.g. ѳïÁÝïÇñ, ¹³ëÁÝÏ»ñ.

   There are a number of positions where the letter Á is pronounced but not written. In such words it appears during transfer.
1.The sound Á is pronounced clusters 3 or more consonants. e.g. û·ïí»É [û·-ïÁ-í»É], µéÝÏí»É [µÁé-ÝÁÏ-í»É],
ØÏñïÇã [ÙÁ-ÏÁñ-ïÇã], ·ïÝí»É [·Áï-ÝÁ-í»É].
2.If a word begins with two consonants, Á is pronounced between them, which is not written except in transfer:
·ñ»É [·Á-ñ»É], ïÝ»ñ [ïÁ-Ý»ñ], Éë»É [ÉÁ-ë»É], ËÙ»É [ËÁ-Ù»É].

   Often the middle Á apears as a result of vowel change: the vowels áõ, Ç sometimes change into Á during 
word-formation and the formation of grammatical forms, e.g.

ïáõÝ-ïÝ»ñ [ïÁ-Ý»ñ] - ïݳÛÇÝ [ïÁ-ݳ-ÛÇÝ].
ëÇñï-ëñï»ñ [ëÁñ-ï»ñ] - ëñï³ÛÇÝ [ëÁñ-ï³-ÛÇÝ].
3. Consonant clusters like ëå, ëï, ëÏ, ë÷, ½·, ½µ, ½½, ßï at the beginning of words are preceded by the
second Á which is relatively weak, e.g. ëï³Ý³É [Áë-ï³-ݳÉ], ëåÇï³Ï [Áë-åÇ-ï³Ï], ½µ³Õí»É [Á½-µ³Õ-í»É],
ëó÷í»É [Áë-ó÷-í»É], ßï³å»É [Áß-ï³-å»É], ½·³É [Á½-·³É], ëÏǽµ [Áë-Ïǽµ].
4.In some words the sound Á forms the final syllable, i.e. it is the vowel forms the final syllable, i.e. it is the vowel of
the final syllable, e.g. ³ëïÕ [³ë-ïÁÕ], ë³Ýñ [ë³-ÝÁñ]. In such words the vowel Á is omitted as a result of
word formation and grammatical changes:

ë³Ýñ [ë³-ÝÁñ] - ë³Ýñ»É [ë³Ý-ñ»É] - ë³ÝñÇ [ë³Ý-ñÇ]
³ëïÕ [³ë-ïÁÕ] - ³ëïÕÇÏ [³ëï-ÕÇÏ] - ³ëïÕ»ñ [³ëï-Õ»ñ].